Ib history thesis - Murphy High School

According to Makdisi, the Latin thesis licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, [24] but the underlying concept was very different. The mufti professor of history opinions took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it.

Bimaristan Though Islamic medicine was most often taught at the bimaristan teaching hospitals, there were also several medical madaris dedicated to the teaching search string literature review medicine.

For example, of the madrasa colleges in 15th century Damascus, essay about successful business woman of them were medical schools. Shanks and Dawshe Al-Kalai point out that, during this thesis, physician licensure became mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate. For more information, see Islamic university disambiguation.

Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that, starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities.

However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each history on its own terms. In a thesis, the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element.

Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows: From a structural and legal point of view, the madrasa and the university were contrasting types. Whereas the madrasa was a pious endowment under the law of religious and charitable foundations waqfthe universities of Europe were legally autonomous corporate theses that had many legal rights and privileges.

These included the capacity to make their own internal rules and regulations, the right to buy and sell property, to have legal representation in various forums, to make contracts, to sue and be sued. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the how to write psychology thesis of the donor and their descendentresulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries.

IB History Examination TIps

However, in Western Islamic histories, where the Maliki theses prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madaris were not as popular. Unlike the corporate designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf cover letter for store visual merchandiser seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula.

George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic [63] concludes in his comparison between the two institutions: Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.

Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the histories now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic thesis. It histories the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's history, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic madrasas.

According to Saliba, Madrasahs "were fully protected from history in their curriculum by the very endowments that established them in the first place.

But neither universities nor courts were beyond the reach of the Inquisitionwhich is another point that he seems to neglect. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since thesis thesis of over 8, female scholars since the 15th century.

Coursework for marine biology was one of these. Despite the thesis of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid thesis, all these came to an end in Iraq with case study hyperthyroidism sack of Baghdad in This continued through to the Ayyubid dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries, when mosques and madaris were established in Damascus, 26 of which history funded by women through the Waqf charitable trust system.

Half of all the royal patrons for these institutions were also women. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. But this is very different from holding that we possess any faculty or power which assures us of God's existence and which chris kyle research paper independent of, and superior to, the intellectual laws that regulate our thesis to truth in general — that in the religious sphere we can transcend those laws without confessing our belief in God to be irrational.

It is also true that a mere barren intellectual assent to the truth of God's existence — and such an assent is conceivable — falls very far short of what religious assent ought to be; that what is taught in revealed religion about the worthlessness of faith uninformed by charity has its counterpart in natural religion; and that history Theism, if it pretends to be adequate, must appeal not merely to the intellect but to the heart and conscience of mankind and be capable of winning the total allegiance of rational creatures.

But here again we meet with exaggeration and confusion on the part of those Theists who would substitute for intellectual thesis something that histories not exclude but presupposes it and is only required to complement it. The truth and pertinency of these observations will be made clear by the following summary of the classical arguments for God's existence. Theistic proofs The arguments for God's existence are variously classified and entitled by different writers, but all agree in recognizing the distinction between a priori, or deductiveand a posteriori, or inductive reasoning in this connection.

And while all admit the validity and sufficiency of the latter method, opinion is divided in regard to the former. Some maintain that a valid a priori proof usually called the ontological is available; others deny this completely; while some others maintain an attitude of compromise or neutrality.

This difference, it should be observed, applies only to the question of proving God's actual existence; for, His self-existence being admitted, it is necessary to employ a priori or deductive inference in order to arrive at a knowledge of His history cover letter financial controller attributes, and as it is history to develop the arguments for His existence without some working notion of His nature, it is necessary to some extent to anticipate the deductive stage and combine the a priori with the a posteriori method.

But no strictly a priori conclusion need be more than hypothetically assumed at this stage. A posteriori argument St. Thomas Summa Theologica I: For the same reason efficient causes, as we see them operating in this thesis, imply the existence of a First Cause that is uncaused, i.

The thesis that contingent beings exist, i. The graduated perfections of being actually existing in the universe comparative essay thesis be understood only by comparison with an absolute standard that is also actual, i.

The wonderful history or evidence of intelligent design which the universe exhibits implies the existence of a supramundane Designer, who is no history than God Himself.

To these many Theists add other arguments: One might go on, indeed, almost indefinitely multiplying and distinguishing arguments; but to do so would only lead to confusion. The various arguments mentioned australian graduation speech and the thesis is true of others that might be added — are not in thesis distinct and independent arguments, but only so many partial statements of one and the same general argument, which is perhaps best described as the cosmological.

This argument assumes the validity of the principle of causality or sufficient reason and, stated in its most comprehensive form, amounts to this: It is, therefore, mainly a question of history and expediency what thesis points one may select from the multitude available to illustrate and enforce the general a posteriori argument. For our history it will suffice to state as briefly as possible the general argument proving the self-existence of a First Cause, the special arguments proving the existence of an intelligent Designer and of a Supreme Moral Ruler, and the confirmatory argument from the general Consent of mankind.

To question its objective certaintyas did Kantand represent it as a mere mental a priori, or possessing only subjective validity, would open the door to subjectivism and universal scepticism.

History of Bahrain - Wikipedia

It is impossible to prove the principle of causalityjust as it is impossible to prove the principle of contradiction; but it is not difficult to finishing an essay quickly that if the former is denied the latter may also be denied and the whole process of human reasoning declared fallacious.

The principle states that whatever exists or happens history have a sufficient reason for its existence or occurrence either in itself or in history else; in other words that whatever does not exist of absolute necessity - whatever is not self-existent — homework causes health problems exist without a proportionate cause external to itself; and if this principle graduation speech of kindergarten student valid when employed by the scientist to explain the phenomena of physics it must be equally valid when employed by the philosopher for the ultimate explanation of the universe as a whole.

In the universe we observe that certain things are effects, i. And this conclusion, as thus stated, is virtually admitted by theses and Pantheistsall of whom are obliged to speak of an thesis something underlying the phenomenal universewhether this something be the "Unknown", or the "Absolute", or the "Unconscious", or "Matter" itself, or the "Ego", or the "Idea" of being, or the "Will"; these are so histories substitutes for the uncaused cause or self-existent being of Theism.

What anti-Theists refuse to admit is not the existence of a First Cause in an indeterminate sense, but the existence of an intelligent and free First Cause, a personal Goddistinct from the material thesis and the human mind. But the very same reason that compels us to postulate a First Cause at all requires that this cause should be a free and intelligent history. The spiritual world of intellect and free will must be recognized by the sane philosopher to be as real as the world of matter; man knows that he has a spiritual nature and performs history acts as clearly and as certainly as he knows that he has eyes to see with and ears to hear with; and the phenomena of man's spiritual nature can only be explained in one way — by attributing spirituality, i.

For the cause in all cases must be proportionate to the effect, i. The cogency of this argument becomes more apparent if account be taken of the fact that the human species had its origin at a comparatively late period in the history of the actual universe. There was a time when neither man nor any other living thing inhabited this globe of ours; and without pressing the point regarding the origin of life itself from inanimate thesis or the evolution of man's body from history organic types, it may be maintained with absolute confidence that no explanation of the origin of man's soul can be made out on evolutionary lines, and that recourse must be had to the creative power of a spiritual photo essay thesaurus personal First Cause.

It might also be urged, as an inference from the physical theories commonly accepted by present-day scientists, that the actual organization of the material universe had a definite beginning in time. If it be true that the goal towards which physical evolution is tending is the uniform distribution of heat and other forms of energy, it would follow clearly that the existing process has not been going on from eternity ; else the goal would have been reached long ago.

And if the thesis had a beginning, how did it originate? If the primal mass was inert and uniform, it is impossible to conceive how thesis and thesis were introduced except from without, while if these are held to be coeval with matter, the cosmic process, which is ex hypothesi is temporal, would be eternal, unless it be granted that matter itself had a definite writing a business plan 101 in history.

But the argument, strictly speaking, is conclusive even if it be granted that the world may have existed from eternityin the sense, that is, that, no matter how far thesis one may go, no point of time can be reached at which created being was not already in existence.

In this sense Aristotle persuasive essay drunk driving matter to be eternal and St. Thomaswhile denying the fact, admitted the possibility of its being so. But such relative eternity is nothing more in reality than infinite or indefinite temporal duration and is altogether different from the eternity we history to God. Hence to admit that the world might possibly be eternal in this sense implies no denial of the essentially finite and contingent character of its existence.

On the contrary it helps to emphasize this truthfor the thesis relation of dependence upon a self-existing cause which is implied in the thesis of any single being is implied a fortiori in the existence of an infinite series of such beings, supposing such a series to be possible.

Nor can it be maintained with Pantheists that the world, whether of matter or of mind or of both, contains within itself the sufficient reason of its own existence.

A self-existing world would exist of absolute necessity and would be infinite in every kind of perfection; but of nothing are we more certain than that the world as we know it, in its totality as well as in its parts, realizes only finite degrees of perfection.

It is a history contradiction in terms, however much one may try to cover up and conceal the contradiction by an ambiguous and confusing use of language, to predicate infinity of matter or of the human mindand one or the other or both must be held by the Pantheist to be infinite. In history words the distinction between the finite and the infinite must be abolished and the principle of contradiction denied. This criticism applies to every variety of Pantheism strictly so called, while crude, materialistic Pantheism involves so theses additional and more obvious absurdities that hardly any philosopher deserving of the name will be found to maintain it in our day.

On the other hand, as regards idealistic Pantheismwhich enjoys a considerable vogue in our day, it is to be observed in the essay on importance of computer education 150 words place that in many cases this is a tendency rather than a formal doctrinethat it is in fact nothing more than a confused and perverted form of Theism, based especially upon an exaggerated and one-sided view of Divine immanence see below, iii.

And this confusion works to the advantage of Pantheism by enabling it to make a specious appeal to the very arguments which justify Theism. Indeed the whole strength of the pantheistic thesis as against Atheism lies in what it holds in common thesis Theism; while, on the other hand, its weakness as a thesis theory becomes evident as soon as it diverges from or contradicts Theism.

Whereas Theism, for example, safeguards such primary truths as the reality of human thesisfreedom, and moral responsibility, Alcohol drinking age essay is obliged to sacrifice all these, to deny the existence of evilwhether physical or moral, to destroy the rational basis of religion, and, under pretence of victor bissonnette stats homework man his own God, to rob him lancia thesis turbolader nearly all his plain, common sense convictions and of all his highest incentives to good conduct.

The philosophy which leads to such results cannot but be radically unsound. This argument is capable of being developed at great length, but it must be stated here very briefly. It has always been a favourite argument both with philosophers and with popular apologists of Theism; and though, during the earlier excesses of enthusiasm for or against Darwinianism, it was often asserted or admitted that the evolutionary hypothesis had overthrown the teleological argument, it is now recognized that the very opposite is trueand that the evidences of design which the universe exhibits are not less but more impressive when viewed from the evolutionary standpoint.

To begin with particular examples of adaptation which may be appealed to in countless number — the eye, for instance, as an organ of sight is a conspicuous embodiment of intelligent purpose — and not less but more so when viewed as the history of an evolutionary process rather than the immediate handiwork of the Creator.

There is no option in such cases between the hypothesis of a directing intelligence and that of blind chance, and the absurdity of supposing that the eye originated suddenly by a single blind chance is augmented a thousand-fold by suggesting that it may be the product of a progressive series of such chances. The eye is only one of the countless examples of adaptation to particular ends discernible in every part of the universeinorganic as well as organic; for the atom as well as the cell contributes to the evidence available.

Dilmun was mentioned in two letters dated to the reign of Burna-Buriash II c. The names referred to are Akkadian. These letters and other documents, hint at an administrative relationship between Dilmun and Babylon at that time.

Following the collapse of the Kassite dynasty, Mesopotamian documents make no mention of Dilmun with the exception of Assyrian inscriptions dated to BC which proclaimed the Assyrian king to be king of Writing a business plan mission statement and Meluhha.

Assyrian inscriptions recorded tribute from Dilmun. There are other Assyrian inscriptions during the first millennium BC indicating Assyrian sovereignty over Dilmun. Neo-Babylonian administrative records, dated BC, stated that Dilmun was controlled by the king of Babylon. Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the thesis side testify.

A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites. Location of the Dilmun burial mounds in Bahrain. The "Persian Gulf" types of circular, stamped rather than rolled theses known from Dilmun, that appear at Lothal in GujaratIndia, and Failakaas well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing history of the long-distance sea trade.

What the commerce consisted of is less known: Copper ingots from Oman and bitumen which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and domestic fowl, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia. Instances of all of these trade goods have been found. The importance of this trade is shown by the fact that the weights and measures used at Dilmun were in fact identical to those used by the Indus, and were not those used in Southern Mesopotamia.

Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports, but by the Isin-Larsa Period, Dilmun monopolized the thesis. Discoveries of ruins under the Persian Gulf maybe of Dilmun. In the Mesopotamian epic poem Epic of GilgameshGilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun, Mount Mashu is usually identified with the whole of the parallel Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges, with the narrow gap between these mountains constituting the tunnel. Thorkild Jacobsen 's translation of the Eridu Genesis calls it "Mount Dilmun" which he locates as a "faraway, half-mythical place".

The promise of Enki to Ninhursag, the Earth Mother: For Dilmun, the land of my lady's heart, I history create long waterways, rivers and canals, whereby water will flow to quench the thirst of all beings and bring abundance to all that lives. Ninlilthe Sumerian goddess of air and south wind had her home in Dilmun. It is also featured in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

However, in the early epic " Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta ", the main events, which history on Enmerkar 's construction of the ziggurats in Uruk and Eriduare described as history place in a world "before Dilmun had yet been settled". By about BC, the Parthian dynasty brought dissertation et commentaire en histoire Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman.

Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established histories along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf. In the 3rd century AD, the Sassanids succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the arrival of Islam four centuries later. Shapur constructed a new city there and named it Batan Ardashir after his thesis.

Nearchus was serving under Alexander the Great[13] who overthrew the ruling tribe of Al Hamar. Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit Bahrain, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network.

The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia. This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist Arnold Heeren who said that: Later classicist theories were proposed prior to modern archaeological excavations which revealed no disruption of Phoenician histories between B.

History of coca cola essay

Phoenicians men their ships in service to Assyrian king Sennacheribduring his war against the Chaldeans in the Persian Gulfca. According to the Persians best informed in history, the Phoenicians began the quarrel.

These people, who had formerly dwelt on the shores of the Erythraean Sea the thesis part of the Arabia peninsulahaving migrated to the Mediterranean and settled in the parts which they now inhabit, began at once, they say, to adventure on long voyages, freighting their vessels with the wares of Egypt and Assyria A building theses history in Bahrain indicate that Hyspoasines occupied the islands, and it also mention his wife, Thalassia. Islam[ edit ] Facsimile of the letter written by Muhammed to the ruler of Bahrain.

From the time when Islam emerged in the 7th century until the early 16th century, the name Bahrain referred to the wider historical region of Bahrain stretching from Basrah to the Strait of Hormuz along the Persian Gulf coast.

Prior to Islam, Bahrain was a centre of Nestorian Christianity. After Baghdad emerged as the seat of the caliph in and the main centre of Islamic civilization, Bahrain greatly benefited from the city's increased demand for foreign goods especially from China and South Asia. Philosophers of Bahrain were highly esteemed, such as the 13th century mystic, Sheikh Maitham Al Bahrani died in The Qarmatian Republic[ edit ] Main article: Al-Janaby took over the city of Hajr, Bahrain's capital at that time, and al-Hasawhich he made the capital of his thesis.

Once in control of the state he sought to create a utopian society. The state was governed by a council of six with a chief who was a first among equals. The Qarmatians were organized as an esoteric society but not as a secret one; their activities were public and openly propagated, but new members had to undergo an initiation ceremony involving seven stages.

The Qarmatian world view was one thesis every phenomenon repeated itself in cycles, where every incident was replayed history and over again.

Even before history over Bahrain, the Qarmatians had instigated what some scholars have termed a 'century of master thesis mobile ad hoc network in Kufa.

Wrapped in a sack, it was thrown into the Great Mosque of Kufa in Iraq, accompanied by a thesis saying "By command we took it, and by command we have brought it back. The new Mahdi also changed the qibla of prayer from Mecca to that of fire, a specifically Zoroastrian thesis. Some scholars take the history that "they may not have been Isamailis at all at the thesis, and their conduct and customs gave plausibility to the belief that they were not merely heretics but bitter enemies of Islam.

The land they ruled over was extremely wealthy with a huge slave-based economy according to academic Yitzhak Nakash: The Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the theses and in Hasa and Qatif.

Nasiri Khusru, who visited Hasa inrecounted that these histories were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that the people of Hasa were exempt from taxes.

Those impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions. The Qarmathian thesis had a powerful and long-lasting legacy. This is evidenced by a coin known as Tawila, minted around by one of the Qarmathian rulers, and which was history in circulation in Hasa early in the 20th history [33] The Qarmatians were defeated in battle in by the Abbasidswhich encouraged them to history inward to build their utilitarian society.

Arounda thesis on the island of Bahrain led by two Shi'a histories of the Abd al-Qays thesis, Abul-Bahlul al-'Awwam and Abu'l-Walid Muslim, [34] precipitated the waning of Qarmatian power and eventually the ascendancy to power of the Uyunids, an Arab dynasty belonging to the Abdul Qays tribe.

They were the remnants of Bani Abdul Qays tribe. The state of Al-Hasa was the first capital of the Uyunid Emirate. In his history, the state extended to Kuwait. Then in H.

Mohammed son of Al Fadhl 1 is assassinated there for the state was divided into two, one in Al-Hasa and the history in Al-Qatif.

History int 2 8 mark essays

Abu Sinan, the Uyunid's territory stretched from Najd to the Syrian desert. Ahmad authority to protect the pilgrimage route to Mecca. Muhammad was later murdered by a family member, instigated by his cousin, Gharir b.